Phonon — For KDE Software Compilation 4 s multimedia framework, see Phonon (KDE). Normal modes of vibration progression through a crystal. The amplitude of the motion has been exaggerated for ease of viewing; in an actual crystal, it is typically much… … Wikipedia
Surface phonon — Phonons are collective lattice vibration modes, and surface phonons are those particular modes associated with surfaces; they are an artifact of periodicity, symmetry, and the termination of bulk crystal structure associated with the surface… … Wikipedia
Optical phonon — Optical phonons are phonon polarization modes with a minimum frequency, regardless of wavelength, which occur in crystals with more than one atom per primitive cell.Book ReferencesKittel, Charles (1996) Introduction to Solid State Physics , 7th… … Wikipedia
Debye model — Statistical mechanics Thermodynamics · … Wikipedia
Thermodynamic temperature — is the absolute measure of temperature and is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic temperature is an “absolute” scale because it is the measure of the fundamental property underlying temperature: its null or zero point … Wikipedia
Raman spectroscopy — Energy level diagram showing the states involved in Raman signal. The line thickness is roughly proportional to the signal strength from the different transitions. Raman spectroscopy ( … Wikipedia
Laser diode — Top: a packaged laser diode shown with a penny for scale. Bottom: the laser diode chip is removed from the above package and placed on the eye of a needle for scale … Wikipedia
Helium atom scattering — (HAS) is a surface analysis technique used in materials science. HAS provides information about the surface structure and lattice dynamics of a material by measuring the diffracted atoms from a monochromatic helium beam incident on the sample.… … Wikipedia
Quantum cascade laser — Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are semiconductor lasers that emit in the mid to far infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum and were first demonstrated by Jerome Faist, Federico Capasso, Deborah Sivco, Carlo Sirtori, Albert Hutchinson,… … Wikipedia
Density of states — Condensed matter physics Phases · Phase tr … Wikipedia
Mathematics and Physical Sciences — ▪ 2003 Introduction Mathematics Mathematics in 2002 was marked by two discoveries in number theory. The first may have practical implications; the second satisfied a 150 year old curiosity. Computer scientist Manindra Agrawal of the… … Universalium